?enhancing
enhancing發(fā)音
[in'hɑ:ns]
英: 美:
enhancing中文意思翻譯
vt.提高, 增加, 加強
enhancing詞形變化
形容詞: enhancive |動詞過去式: enhanced |動詞第三人稱單數: enhances |動詞過去分詞: enhanced |動詞現在分詞: enhancing |名詞: enhancement |
七夕特刊:鉆石恒久遠 | 經濟學人雙語筆記
PEACOCKS strut; bowerbirds build lovenests; spiders gift-wrap flies in silk. Such courtship rituals play an important role in what Charles Darwin called sexual selection: when the female of a species bears most of the costs of reproduction, males use extravagant displays and gifts to demonstrate their “reproductive fitness” and females choose between them. For human males, shards of a crystalline form of carbon often feature. A diamond engagement ring signals a man’s taste, wealth and commitment, all to persuade a woman that he is a good bet.
孔雀昂首闊步;園丁鳥建起愛巢;蜘蛛吐絲把蒼蠅包起來作為禮物。這樣的求愛儀式在達爾維所說的“性選擇”中扮演著重要的角色:當一個物種的詞性為繁殖承擔了大部分代價時,雄性會極盡炫耀之能事,并伴之以禮物,來展現自己的“生殖適合度”,而雌性則會從它們當中挑選。對男性而言,碳晶體碎顆粒往往是求愛過程的重頭戲。一枚訂婚鉆戒彰顯一個男人的品味、財富和承諾,所有這些都是為了讓女人相信他是個好的選擇。
Strut 趾高氣揚地走:He struts around town like he owns the place.他在城里趾高氣揚地走著,好像他擁有著這地方似的。
它可以是及物動詞,表示支撐,撐開,比如:The holes were close-boarded and strutted.那些洞被木板緊密圍封并加有支撐。
它可以做名詞,表示建筑物的支柱,比如:...the struts of a suspension bridge.…一座懸索橋的支柱。
gift-wrap :用花紙(或緞帶等裝飾品)包裝(用作禮物的商品);把…包裝得美觀花哨。
Ritual 宗教儀式; 典禮。這個詞還有形容詞性,儀式性的,傳統(tǒng)的,比如:..fasting and ritual dancing.…齋戒和儀式性舞蹈。
sexual selection 性選擇,不能翻譯成“性別選擇”,性選擇和性別選擇是兩個概念。性別選擇是sex selection,一般是指人工選擇胎兒的性別。
Display 動物求偶的炫耀行為,比如:The teal were indulging in delightful courtship displays野鴨忘情地做著愉快的求愛動作。
Shard : (玻璃、陶瓷或金屬的)碎片;Crystalline: 晶體的,水晶般的,比如:Diamond is the crystalline form of the element carbon.鉆石是碳元素的晶體結構。
Feature 這里是不及物動詞,意思是,(在……中)起重要作用,比如:The latest movies from British directors feature in the current film season.由英國導演執(zhí)導的最新影片是這個**季的重頭戲。
bet :(非正式)有可能成功的人選(或備選行動),比如:Tom looked a good bet for victory.看上去湯姆是一個很有成功希望的人選
Your best bet is to call the official liquidators.找官方的資產清算人應是你的首選。
This particular courtship gift was dreamed up by an ad agency for De Beers, the cartel that sold almost all of the world’s diamonds throughout the 20th century. In the 1930s it started to promote a link between diamonds and marriage. Diamonds’ unmatched hardness would symbolise love’s endurance and their “fire”, or brilliance, its passion. Two months’ salary, the firm suggested, was what the ring should cost—a good investment since, as the admen said, “A diamond is forever.”
鉆石作為求愛禮物是一家**公司為戴比爾斯(De Beers) 編織的想象。整個20世紀全世界幾乎所有的鉆石都由這一壟斷組織售出。20世紀30年代,它開始宣傳鉆石和婚姻之間的聯(lián)系。鉆石無與倫比的硬度象征著愛的恒久,而鉆石的“火彩”即光彩則象征著愛的熱烈。該公司建議,男士們應該花兩個月的薪水來買一枚戒指,而且就像**詞所說的那樣,“鉆石恒久遠,一顆永流傳”,買鉆戒還會是個不錯的投資。
Dream up : 虛構出; 憑空設想出。I dreamed up a plan to solve both problems at once.我想出了一個可以立刻解決這兩個問題的計劃。
Cartel 卡特爾; 同業(yè)聯(lián)盟。...a drug cartel.…藥業(yè)聯(lián)盟。
“卡特爾”這個詞現在也被賦予了壟斷企業(yè)集團的意義:壟斷利益集團、壟斷聯(lián)盟、企業(yè)聯(lián)合、同業(yè)聯(lián)盟(Cartel)也稱卡特爾,是壟斷組織的一種表現形式,是由一系列生產類似產品的企業(yè)組成的聯(lián)盟,通過某些協(xié)議或規(guī)定來控制該產品的產量和價格。
Diamonds’ unmatched hardness would symbolise love’s endurance and their “fire”, or brilliance, its passion.這是一個 謂語省略結構 。如果后句謂語部分與前句謂語部分完全一樣,后句謂語部分就可以全部省略。例如:
John is eating an apple and Petter(is eating) an orange.約翰在吃蘋果,彼得在吃桔子。
Some turned to the left and others(turned) to the right.一些向左轉,而另一些向右轉。
Mary looked sad; but Tom(looked) happy.瑪麗看上去悲哀,但湯姆卻高興。
Reading means a full man; conference(means)a ready man;and writing (means) an exact man.閱讀使人知識豐富,辯論使人頭腦敏捷,書寫使人精確。
這句也是省略了謂語,如果補充完整就是 their “fire”, or brilliance, would symbolize its passion.
Or brilliance是個**入語,fire和brilliance還有hardness都是鉆石方面的專業(yè)術語,火彩、亮度、硬度。要按照這個名詞去翻譯。其他和鉆石品質相關的術語還有:凈度 Clarity, 克拉重量 Carat 切工 Cut。
Now, that promise is dimming. Though a growing Chinese middle class will probably prop up demand for a while, millennials in Western countries seem keener on memorable experiences than on bling. Diamonds’ image has been blemished by some being mined in warzones and sold to pay for the fighting. Meanwhile, laboratory-grown “synthetic” diamonds, long fit only for industrial use, are becoming good enough to compete with gems from out of the ground.
現在,這一允諾暗淡下來。盡管日漸壯大的中國中產階級可能會在一段時間里支撐起需求,但比起錦衣美鉆,西方國家的千禧一代似乎更熱衷難忘的經歷。有些鉆石是在戰(zhàn)亂地區(qū)開采的,賣掉它們是為戰(zhàn)爭買單,鉆石的形象因此沾上污點。與此同時,在實驗室里制成、一直以來僅適用于工業(yè)用途的“合成”鉆石,正變得足以與地下出產的寶石相媲美。
Promise 此處是雙關。一個是承諾,上文闡述的鉆石與婚姻愛情之間的聯(lián)系,鉆石恒久遠的這種承諾。Promise還有前途前景的意思,對應上文說的a good investment,所謂好投資就是升值前景好,而且后面也在說鉆石受到了各方的沖擊,說明這個投資前景可能不樂觀了。
Though a growing Chinese middle class will probably prop up demand for a while, millennials in Western countries seem keener on memorable experiences than on bling.
意群先劃分一下:
Though(引導讓步狀語從句) /a growing Chinese middle class (從句主語)/will probably prop up (從句謂語)/demand (賓語)/for a while(時間狀語), millennials in Western countries /(主句主語)seem keener on (主句謂語)/memorable experiences than on bling.
Bling 奢華高檔的首飾或服裝:Big-name jewellers are battling it out to get celebrities to wear their bling.大牌珠寶商們?yōu)榱俗屆藗兇魉麄兊母邫n首飾正在一爭高下。
...gangsta rap's love of bling-bling.…匪幫說唱樂手對奢華高檔服飾的熱愛。
這里就是指鉆石了。
Blemish : 破壞……的完美外觀,玷污,可引申為損害:My main problem was a blemished skin. 我的主要問題是皮膚有瑕疵。
Mine 采掘:The pit is being shut down because it no longer has enough coal that can be mined economically.那個煤礦要關閉了,因為儲量不足,難以經濟開采。
But the long-term threat to diamonds’ lustre is more surprising: that their price could plummet. In recent years regulators (and market forces) have undermined De Beers’s cartel by limiting the share of other producers’ stones that it can buy. Now responsible for just a third of global sales, the company can no longer manage supply by stockpiling gems when demand turns down. It is spending less on advertising, since it no longer gets the lion’s share of the benefits. But the very value of diamonds lies in being scarce and coveted—that is, costly.
不過光彩奪目的鉆石所面臨的長期威脅要更令人驚訝:它們的價格可能會暴跌。最近幾年監(jiān)管機構(和市場力量)對戴比爾斯從其他生產商處購買鉆石的份額做出限制,削弱了它的壟斷力量。現在這家公司的銷售量僅占全球的三分之一,已無法通過在需求下降時囤積寶石來管理供應。它的**支出也在減少,因為它已不再占有最大份額的收益。但是鉆石的價值恰恰在于它的稀有和人們對它的渴求,換言之,就是它的昂貴。
By limiting的邏輯主語應該是主句主語,也就是監(jiān)管機構,是監(jiān)管機構通過限制的方式,而不是這家公司去限制。
Stones 這里就是鉆石。大概總結一下這篇文章到這里總共用了多少個詞替換鉆石相關的名詞,gem, diamond, bling, stone, shards of a crystalline form of carbon. 平時自己看外刊的時候,也可以注意積累一下這種同類詞的替換表達。
這里需要科普一個商業(yè)邏輯,也是當年這家公司的操盤手段。上世紀30年代,戴比爾斯發(fā)展成國際性鉆石礦業(yè)公司,以其卓越的組織里和龐大的財力,聯(lián)合各國獨立礦山,形成一個采購與銷售有控制力的大機構,在鉆石的供求量上予以調節(jié),在經濟蕭條時緊縮鉆石的供應量,以維持鉆石的價格不致下跌。在經濟景氣時放寬鉆石的供應量,以滿足市場需求,并抑制鉆石價格的過分上漲,使鉆石價格維持著穩(wěn)定增長的勢頭,使鉆石成為值得人們信任的投資。
這句話的大意是,從前,這家公司賣出了上世紀全世界的鉆石,但如今份額只有三分之一了,說明它就算再怎么囤積,也只能控制頂多全球三分之一的供應量,無法再像以前一樣呼風喚雨了。這就是market forces的作用。加上前一句說的監(jiān)管機構的反壟斷手段,限制它從其他制造商那里囤貨,所以它的經營雪上加霜了。
Stockpile 大量儲備:People are stockpiling food for the coming winter.人們正在為即將到來的冬天大量儲備食物。
Responsible for 這里頗有點“承擔”的意思:Gooch was responsible for 198 of his side’s 542 runs.古奇得了本隊542(跑動)得分中的198分。
Lion’s share 最大份額,可以聯(lián)想中文里的“獅子大開口”:Military and nuclear research have received the lion's share of public funding.軍事研究和核研究得到了公共資助里最大的份額。
Converted 令人垂涎的:Allan Little from Radio 4 took the coveted title of reporter of the year.第4電臺的艾倫·利特爾獲得了令人垂涎的年度記者的頭銜。
...one of sport's most coveted trophies.…體育界最令人向往的獎杯之一。
In the jargon, they are “Veblen goods”, named after a 19th-century economist: prestige-enhancing trinkets for which a higher price encourages buyers. With most products, lower prices increase demand; with diamonds, they could kill it. Greater equality for women might seem to render male-courtship displays redundant. But mating preferences evolved over millennia and will not change quickly. If diamonds were to cease being a way to signal a man’s marriageability, what might take their place?
用行話說,它們屬于“凡勃倫商品 (Veblen goods,以19世紀的一位經濟學家的名字命名)”,指的是那種提高名望的小玩意兒,價格越高越能激發(fā)人們的購買欲。對于大多數商品來說,價格降低會提升需求;但對鉆石來說,低價卻可能扼殺需求。女性地位的提升看似令男性求偶的炫耀行為變得多余。但人類的擇偶偏好歷經數千年的演化,并不會迅速發(fā)生改變。如果鉆石不再是一個男人適合結婚的信號,那什么會成為它的替代品?
jargon 行話:The manual is full of the jargon and slang of self-improvement courses.該手冊中滿是自我完善課程的行話和俚語。
Veblen good , 韋伯倫商品(Veblen Good),又稱炫耀財,是經濟學上用以描述一種商品,其特色是商品需求與商品價格成正向關系,而非正常需求法則的反向關系。這種商品能滿足人類的虛榮心,是財富與地位的炫耀,故稱為炫耀性消費(Conspicuous consumption)。此名詞源于其概念提出者托斯丹·范伯倫(Thorstein Veblen)。價格高昂的寶石、名車、名牌精品等奢侈品皆為韋伯倫商品的例子。
Name after 可以是因……而得名,以誰的名字命名,名字取自誰。
Prestige-enhancing 從字面理解是提升名望,意思就是說,你擁有的這個東西能夠提升你的名望地位,讓你很有面子,這就是“炫耀財”。
Trinke 價廉物美的首飾; 廉價小裝飾物
With most products, lower prices increase demand; with diamonds, they could kill it.
With 在這里的意思是“在……方面”。
Render 使成為; 使變得:It contained so many errors as to render it worthless.太多的錯誤使之變得毫無價值。
If diamonds were to cease being a way to signal a man’s marriageability, what might take their place?
Were to 這是一個虛擬,如果省略if,were要提前倒裝。
A different gift, perhaps. In China skewed sex ratios mean that a prospective bridegroom must own an apartment and shower his future in-laws with cash. But a glittering stone goes to the woman, not her family. And it is more than a gift: it is a status symbol, demonstrating that even as a man approaches(著手處理) the expenses of married life, he can still splash out on a bauble. Or a man could rely on more generic forms of display, such as a fancy degree, good job or sharp suit. But these can impress one woman as easily as another, or several simultaneously. He must show commitment—a need not unique to courtship. Salvadoran gangsters get extravagant tattoos; Japanese yakuza cut off a fingertip. These visible signs of allegiance make it hard to defect, and impose heavy costs. But as marriage proposals they would fall short. Few women would feel proud to carry around their fiancé’s severed pinkie.
或許是另一種形式的禮物。中國性別比例失衡,導致男性要當新郎必須得有房,此外還需向未來的岳父母奉上大筆現金。不過一顆閃閃發(fā)光的石頭是送給女人的,并不是她的娘家。而且它不僅僅是一份禮物,還是一種身份的象征,表明即便一個男人要開始養(yǎng)家糊口了,他仍然會為一件小玩意一擲千金?;蛘撸腥艘部梢砸蕾嚫ㄓ玫撵乓问?,比如高學歷、好工作或是一身考究的西裝。但這些可以打動一個女人,也可以打動另一個,或是同時打動好幾個。他必須有所行動,以顯示自己的忠誠。這一點不僅僅在求偶時才需要,比如薩爾瓦多的黑幫成員就會刺上繁復的紋身,日本的黑社會成員則要切掉一節(jié)手指。這些一望而知的效忠記號讓人很難變節(jié),為之付出的代價也很高昂,但作為求婚信物它們都還不夠。極少會有女人覺得帶著未婚夫切下來的小指頭是件值得驕傲的事。
Skewed 曲解; 歪曲:The arithmetic of nuclear running costs has been skewed by the fall in the cost of other fuels.對核運行費用的計算因其他燃料費用的下降而出現了偏差。
Shower with 大量給予
reinforce與strengthen的區(qū)別是什么
reinforce和strengthen這兩個詞在含義和用法上存在一些微妙的差異。
首先,reinforce主要強調通過增加額外的支持或材料來加強某物,使其在結構上更加堅固或穩(wěn)定。例如,在建筑領域,我們常常會用“reinforce”來描述加固建筑物的結構。此外,它也可以用于描述增強某種觀點或信念,通過提供更多的證據或理由來使其更有說服力。
reinforce
英 [ˌriːɪnˈfɔːs] 美 [ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrs]
v.
加強;加固;增進;加深
n.
加固物;加固材料
短語搭配
reinforce confidence
加強信心
reinforce system
加固系統(tǒng)
reinforce troop
增援軍隊
雙語例句
These rules help to reinforce the cordon sanitaire around Whitehall.
這些規(guī)定有助于加強白廳周圍的防御。
Hard times only reinforce these drives.
困難的時期只會加強這些動力。
dict.youdao.com
Reinforce the training direction to the student;
加強對學生的培訓指導;
而strengthen則更側重于通過增強內在的力量或能力來提升某物的整體性能。它不僅可以用于描述物體的物理強度,還可以用于描述人的心理、精神或情感方面的增強。例如,我們可以通過鍛煉來strengthen身體,或者通過鼓勵來strengthen某人的自信心。
strengthen
英 [ˈstreŋθn] 美 [ˈstreŋθn]
v.
加強;鞏固;使堅強;變強
短語搭配
strengthen someone's hand
使做事更強硬;使行動更有力
strengthen someone's hands
使做事更強硬;使行動更有力
strengthen security
加強安全;增強安全性
雙語例句
A plan to strengthen and restructure the EC.
加強和改組歐洲共同體的計劃。
He wanted to strengthen rather than loosen union links.
他希望加強,而不是放松工會的聯(lián)系。
He reaffirmed that it was essential to strengthen the rule of law.
他重申了加強法治的必要性。
因此,雖然這兩個詞在某些情況下可以互換使用,但它們在描述加強或增強的方式和側重點上有所不同。具體使用哪個詞取決于你想要強調的加強的方面和上下文語境。