?defecate
defecate發(fā)音
英:['def?ke?t] 美:[?d?f??ket]
英: 美:
defecate中文意思翻譯
v. 除去污物;排便;澄清;凈清
defecate常見例句
1 、defecate in restricted areas───定點(diǎn)排糞
2 、Eat fat food less, no-noSmokeWine, answer to often maintain defecate unobstructed.───少吃油膩食物,禁忌煙酒,并應(yīng)經(jīng)常保持大便通暢。
3 、10.Must cleanout in time and sprayed the wound after defecate.───排便后應(yīng)及時(shí)清洗后噴灑本品。
4 、"Ollie manages his harmful response basically is intestines and stomach the path is unwell, for instance gastric bowel bilges oil of platoon of gas, bellyacke, defecate.───“奧利司他的不良反應(yīng)主要是腸胃道不適,比如胃腸脹氣、腹痛、大便排油等。
5 、To having the old person of hypertrophy of the prostate, want to notice to maintain defecate unobstructed, avoid excessive overworked and acuteness activity.───對(duì)患有前列腺肥大的老人,要注意保持大便通暢,避免過度勞累和劇烈活動(dòng)。
6 、"Defecation (or Bowel movement ):Elimination of feces from the digestive tract. Peristalsis moves feces through the colon to the rectum, where they stimulate the urge to defecate."───排糞:將糞便排出消化道的動(dòng)作。由于結(jié)腸的蠕動(dòng),將糞便推向直腸,直腸因糞便充盈而擴(kuò)張,腸壁的伸張感受器受刺激,乃產(chǎn)生便意。
7 、The chronic anaemia of children and defecate contain the only show that occult blood may be countercurrent sex esophagitis.───兒童的慢性貧血和大便含潛血可能是反流性食管炎的唯一表現(xiàn)。
8 、Bumpkin asks: "Be defecate or pee?───鄉(xiāng)巴佬問:“是大便還是小便?”
9 、The worms lay eggs inside people's bodies, and the eggs can travel to the liver or intestines.When infected humans or animals defecate or urinate in water, the cycle begins again.───它們?cè)谌梭w內(nèi)產(chǎn)卵,這些卵能進(jìn)入肝和腸內(nèi),從而感染水中人類和動(dòng)物的糞便和尿液,再次循環(huán)。
10 、Big mouth drinks water, make defecate bate, if haemorrhage is much, went to a hospital looking.───大口喝水,使大便軟化,假如出血多的話,就去醫(yī)院看了.
11 、Best option of defecate on cases with acute heart infarction───急性心肌梗塞病人最佳通便方法研究
12 、defecate; have a bowel movement; shit───大便
13 、In adults, the decision whether or not to defecate is under voluntary control.───成年人中,是否大便是受自己控制的。
14 、For the patients of gastroenteropathy, diarrhea, it can relieve the abdominal distension, make the fatigue better, defecate normal.───對(duì)腸胃功能失調(diào)、腹瀉等,可緩解腹脹,促使疲乏好轉(zhuǎn),大便恢復(fù)正常;
15 、At ordinary times our defecate, just eliminate the defecate inside rectum.───平時(shí)我們排便,只是排除直腸里面的大便。
16 、The discovery after defecate does not have paper, how to do?───大便后發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有紙,怎么辦呢?
17 、Accordingly, the unobstructed of defecate, have particular concern truly with insomnia, it is a problem that nots allow to ignore consequently.───因此,大便的通暢與否,與失眠確有一定的關(guān)系,因而是一件不容忽視的問題。
18 、Defecate finishs, farmer returns Tian Li, see the ax on the ground suddenly, be mad with joy the ground says to the wife: "I collected an ax.───大便畢,農(nóng)民返到田里,忽然看見地上的斧子,欣喜若狂地對(duì)妻子說:“我撿了一把斧子?!?/p>
19 、Defecate color is light, the capacity is much, submit grease form or spumescent, chang Fu has effluvial taste more at surface.───大便色淡,量多,呈油脂狀或泡沫狀,常浮于水面多有惡臭味。
20 、I noticed the victim lost urine, which is normal with strangulation, but there was no defecation.─── 我注意到受害者尿失禁 這符合被勒死的癥狀 但沒有排出糞便
21 、Keywords soybean isoflavone;inorganic membrane;defecate;membrane fouling;───大豆異黃酮;無機(jī)膜;澄清;膜污染;
22 、JOB DESCRIPTIONJob PurposeTo control in process quality.To gate outgoing products qualityTo provide timely defec...... ...───公司名稱:中芯國際集成電路制造(成都)有限公司工作地點(diǎn):四川省成都市發(fā)布時(shí)間:2009-4-6
23 、Newborn puppies must be stimulated to defecate and urinate after each feeding.───幼犬每次進(jìn)食后需要被刺激排便。
24 、They do not eat, drink, urinate or defecate.───它們不吃不喝,也不拉不尿。
25 、You should drink plenty of water, eat food with high fiber content and vegetables, and defecate daily.───攝取足夠水分、多吃粗糙食物及含纖維質(zhì)新鮮蔬菜,并養(yǎng)成定時(shí)排便習(xí)慣。
26 、of pets; trained to urinate and defecate outside or in a special place───指寵物;受過訓(xùn)練,在外面或指定的地方方便
27 、Be captured to say by savage in hill to the lover: You ate off the defecate of the other side to put you.───一對(duì)戀人在山中被野人抓住說:你們吃掉對(duì)方的大便就放了你們。
28 、Be opposite so phthisical patient, often appear especially the patient of haemoptysis symptom, want to notice to maintain defecate unobstructed, avoid excessive exhaustion and overweight physical labor, lest produce risk.───所以對(duì)肺結(jié)核病人,非凡是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)咯血癥狀的患者,要注重保持大便通暢,并避免過度疲憊和過重的體力勞動(dòng),以免發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)。
29 、A replacement for chemical fumigants is imperative because insects not only eat the grain, they defecate on it causing development of fungi, primarily Fusarium and Aspergillus.───尋找化學(xué)消毒劑替代品的需要非常迫切,原因是昆蟲不單只侵蝕谷物,還會(huì)在谷物上留下排泄物,導(dǎo)致真菌形成。所形成的真菌主要是梭黴屬和曲黴屬。
30 、Your baby will communicate when he defecates or is hungry.─── 你的孩子會(huì)在排便 或是饑餓時(shí)告訴你
31 、Experts say, "Nurturance times everyday the habit of defecate, a hour rests 10 minutes, this is the effective method that prevents haemorrhoid.───專家們說,"養(yǎng)成每天定時(shí)排便的習(xí)慣,一個(gè)小時(shí)休息10分鐘,這是預(yù)防痔瘡的有效方法。"
32 、A year old of child with 4 big months, defecate shows hoar, rice is graininess, what reason, how to treat───一歲四個(gè)月大的孩子,大便呈灰白色,米粒狀,什么原因,如何治療
33 、Function:defecate sands, rust. copper,besmirch cutting off perculiar smell, high quality water zone───功能:濾除沙石、鐵銹、銅銹、**污染等;去除異味。適合用于水質(zhì)較好的地區(qū)。
34 、How is defecate occult blood caused?───大便潛血是怎么引起的?
35 、His wife sees he is so muddleheaded and forgetful, remind him seriously: "A moment ago you are taking ax to chop bavin, because go to the side defecate, just its ground, how do you forget so quickly?───他的妻子見他這樣昏聵健忘,便鄭重其事地提醒他:“剛才你帶著斧子來砍柴,因?yàn)榈脚赃吶ゴ蟊?,才把它放在地上的,你怎么忘得這么快?”
36 、Domestication of Viverricula indica to Defecate in Restricted Areas and Feed Immediately───小靈貓定點(diǎn)排糞及即時(shí)取食的馴化研究
37 、a small building with a bench having holes through which a user can defecate.───它上面有一個(gè)能座的椅子,上面有一個(gè)孔,使用者可以通過此孔,將它清洗干凈。
38 、The behavior of inclusions in steel and the defec ts c aused by them have been analyzed, the influence of cleanliness of steel on mecha nical properties and practical usage has been summarized.───分析了雜質(zhì)在鋼中的行為和引發(fā)的鋼材缺陷,總結(jié)了純凈度對(duì)鋼材力學(xué)性能和使用性能的影響。
39 、We know, after taking food about 13 arrive 20 hours, alimental is residual become defecate to excrete go out.───我們知道,進(jìn)食后大約13到20小時(shí),食物的殘?jiān)妥兂纱蟊闩判钩鋈ァ?/p>
40 、Compared with the case of positive refractive index structural defects,the influence of the interaction between defects on defect modes is stronger,the spectrum-width of defec...───與正折射率缺陷情形相比較,負(fù)折射率缺陷間的相互作用對(duì)缺陷模的影響更大,局域模譜線更寬。
41 、Defecate difficulty, alvine path is unwell, come in please see a problem! ! Urgent (the expert is entered had better not duplicate───排便困難,腸道不適,請(qǐng)進(jìn)來看看問題!!急(專家進(jìn)最好別復(fù)制
42 、Defecate submits rare water form, companion has bellyacke, calorific, disgusting vomiting, appetite to be decreased greatly wait for a symptom.───大便呈稀水狀,伴有腹痛、發(fā)熱、惡心嘔吐、食欲大減等癥狀。
43 、Young puppies and kittens that defecate outdoors contribute most to contamination of soil by eggs that must incubate for some time in the soil.───小貓和小狗在戶外排便是傳播蟲卵的主要渠道。
44 、9 years ago, abrupt defecate is used to a change, feel rectum is hot, hospital inspection goes after, open medicine of a few external use, without very the effect, defecate appears later mucous, contain blood sometimes.───9年前,忽然大便習(xí)慣改變,感覺直腸火辣,后去醫(yī)院檢查,開一些外用藥,無甚效果,后來大便出現(xiàn)粘液,有時(shí)含血。
45 、If people must walk a considerable distance to a latrine, they will defecate in a more convenient location, regardless of the health hazard.───否則,人們不會(huì)考慮健康的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不會(huì)走相當(dāng)長路上廁所,而是就近解決問題。
46 、(4) ulcer activity period defecate concealed blood is electropositive.───(4)潰瘍活動(dòng)期大便隱血**。
47 、Cool boiled water: After getting up in the morning everyday, hollow and drinkable a cup of cool boiled water can increase peristalsis of intestines and stomach, stimulative defecate.───涼開水:每天早晨起床后,空腹飲用一杯涼開水可以增加腸胃蠕動(dòng),促進(jìn)排便。
48 、They also gave fishermen containers in which to defecate and urinate.───他們也提供盛裝糞便和尿液的容器給漁民。
49 、When undertaking alexipharmic to contaminative birdhouse, must clean with eradicator first with defecate, solution of accept of second chloric acid disinfects reoccupy, use formalin and potassium permanganate fumigation finally.───對(duì)污染的禽舍進(jìn)行消毒時(shí),必須先用去污劑清洗以除去污物,再用次氯酸納溶液消毒,最后用福爾馬林和高錳酸鉀熏蒸消毒。
50 、Keywords Dying Wastewater;Hydrolysis;Oxidation;Defecate;───印染廢水;水解;好氧;澄清;
51 、So it came as a surprise when someone defecated on the statue earlier today.─── 而有個(gè)人今天早些時(shí)候 竟在哥倫布雕像上拉了一泡屎
52 、Signs include blood in the urine and straining to urinate and defecate.───臨床表現(xiàn)包括:血尿和大小便費(fèi)力。
53 、Yeah, I didn't want any defecating in the store.─── 是的 我不希望有人在店里大便
54 、Why is a-a equal to shit? Is this your family terminology? Just curious. Usually we baby talk shit as ngh-ngh, the funny sound you make when trying to er, defecate.───對(duì)不起,留言功能關(guān)閉,如果你真的有話非說不可,請(qǐng)依貓給我,麻煩之處請(qǐng)多原諒。
55 、Accordingly, maintain defecate unobstructed, wrong to rhythm of the heart patient is very important.───因此,保持大便通暢,對(duì)心律失常病人非常重要。
56 、go to the lavatory (to defecate)───大解
57 、That is to say, there is defecate to put all the time inside large intestine.───也就是說,大腸內(nèi)是一直有大便存的。
58 、" Defecation (or bowel movement ):Elimination of feces from the digestive tract. Peristalsis moves feces through the colon to the rectum, where they stimulate the urge to defecate."───排糞:將糞便排出消化道的動(dòng)作。由于結(jié)腸的蠕動(dòng),將糞便推向直腸,直腸因糞便充盈而擴(kuò)張,腸壁的伸張感受器受刺激,乃產(chǎn)生便意。
59 、It's harvested in Indonesia from the defecation of the catlike palm civet.─── 它是在印度尼西亞收獲的 其實(shí)是長尾麝香貓的排泄物
60 、In defecate of micturition of patient of the enjoin before enema, in order to drop celiac pressing and clean bowel line.───在灌腸前囑病人排尿排便,以降低腹壓及清潔腸道。
61 、He is right deputy drive say: "I should go first defecate, do that newcome empty elder sister next again.───他對(duì)副駕駛說:“我要先去大便,然后再去干那個(gè)新來的空姐。”
62 、Tianjin Jiabao Wheelchair Co., Ltd. is a professional manufacturer on all series of Wheelchairs, Walking Aides, Crutches, Defecate Chair and Tricycle etc.───天津市嘉寶輪椅車業(yè)有限公司,位于天津市津南區(qū)雙港工業(yè)園區(qū)內(nèi)。
63 、Maintain defecate unobstructed, maintain everyday 1 or 2 days of 1 defecate habits, need not worry.───保持大便通暢,維持每天1次或2天1次排便習(xí)慣,就不用擔(dān)心。
64 、Tortoises often defecate in their water;thus, water bowls should be changed daily or every other day, or wheneverdirty.───因?yàn)殛扆敵?huì)大便在水里面,所以水盆應(yīng)該每天都要洗乾凈換水,或者是兩天一次(大型的),當(dāng)然也可以臟了就換。
65 、Well, he still went ahead and defecated on my driveway.─── 他還是繼續(xù)我行我素地在我的車道上拉屎
66 、I was too busy trying not to defecate.─── 我當(dāng)時(shí)正忙著不讓自己尿出來
67 、[Formal] to go to the lavatory (for a bowel movement); to defecate───出恭
68 、desire to defecate───便意
69 、of pets; trained to urinate and defecate outside or in a special place.───指寵物;受過訓(xùn)練,在外面或指定的地方方便。
70 、Defecate is us after edible food, after be being absorbed through digesting residual, still do not put certainly inside the large intestine after defecate keep have a bowel movement.───大便是我們食用食物后,經(jīng)過消化吸收后的殘?jiān)疟愫蟠竽c內(nèi)不一定還存留大便。
71 、But, sir, you had him arrested for defecating in the space president's mouth.─── 但長官 你把他抓起來了 罪名是朝太空總統(tǒng)的嘴里拉屎
72 、Study on the Best Defecate Method in AMI after Thrombolytic Terapy───急性心肌梗塞溶栓后病人最佳通便方法研究
73 、Systemic symptom has complexion dark An or the cheek carbonadoes hot, cheekbone is red, giddy tinnitus, lumbar genu aching and limp, 5 be perturbed are hot, defecate is dry.───全身癥狀有面色晦黯或面頰烘熱,顴紅,頭暈耳鳴,腰膝酸軟,五心煩熱,大便干燥。
74 、Relieve oneselfTo urinate or defecate.───排泄:小便或大便。
75 、Should time since nurturance morning the habit of defecate.───應(yīng)養(yǎng)成晨起定時(shí)大便的習(xí)慣。
76 、Name: Chromeplate Folding, Polyurethane High Back Recliner Defecate Multi-functional Wheelchair───名稱:電鍍聚胺脂高背可躺活踏腿多功能輪椅車
77 、Arrive gravid and terminal, increscent uterus and fetal show an oppressive rectum first, also can cause defecate difficulty.───到妊娠晚期,增大的子宮和胎兒先露部壓迫直腸,也都能導(dǎo)致排便困難。
78 、Nurturance is daily and time the habit of defecate.───養(yǎng)成每日定時(shí)排便的習(xí)慣。
79 、If fountainhead by the defecate of armour liver patient or other fecal pollution, often can cause armour liver to erupt popular.───假如水源被甲肝病人的大便或其它排泄物污染,往往可以引起甲肝爆發(fā)流行。
80 、Systemic symptom has complexion decline to fizzle out, the skin is dry, body is angular, the head is dizzy, palpitation sleeps less, brothers coma, low heat, defecate is dry wait.───全身癥狀有面色萎黃,皮膚干燥,形體消瘦,頭目暈眩,心悸少寐,手足麻木,低熱,大便干燥等。
81 、The change that defecate is used to often the symptom that colonic cancer appears the earliest, much performance is defecate number increase, diarrhoea, blood, pus is taken in secret, excrement and urine or mucous.───排便習(xí)慣的改變經(jīng)常是結(jié)腸癌最早出現(xiàn)的癥狀,多表現(xiàn)為大便次數(shù)增多、腹瀉、便秘、糞便中帶血、膿或粘液。
82 、Yes, minus the anxious pupil who defecated on my shoe.─── 是的 那個(gè)緊張到 在我鞋子上拉尿的學(xué)生除外
83 、Depressed disease has insomnia, defecate to be illogical more the symptom such as free, palpitate, itsMorpheusThe obstacle basically is behaved wake early reach deepMorpheusDecrease.───抑郁癥多有失眠、大便不通暢、心慌等癥狀,其睡眠障礙主要表現(xiàn)早醒及深睡眠減少。
84 、There is no way for them to ride roughshod and defecate over our heads.───他們要騎在我們頭上拉屎拉尿,辦不到!
85 、Well, I thought maybe I could get them in a defecation lawsuit.─── 也許我可以把他們拖入一場(chǎng) 大便訴訟
86 、(Method of training of 1) family education is undeserved, and the ability that fails to obtain normal control defecate.───(1)家庭教育訓(xùn)練方法不當(dāng),而未能獲得正??刂拼蟊愕哪芰?。
87 、Chronic colitis was mainly manifested as loose stool, alternation ofconstipation and diarrhea,dyschesia or abdominal pain whenever desire to defecate.───發(fā)現(xiàn)慢性結(jié)腸炎(Chroniccolitis,CC)患者多數(shù)大便爛或便秘腹瀉交潛,其大便難解或痛則欲便等大便行為改變癥狀亦多見。
88 、Is defecate drier is still carrying blood sometimes how to return a responsibility?───大便比較干燥有時(shí)還帶血是怎么回事?
89 、Drink water more actually, stimulative defecate is the best method that discharge poison.───其實(shí)多喝水,促進(jìn)排便是最好的排毒方法。
90 、nurturance is daily and time the habit of defecate, can make the toxin inside body successful so eduction.───養(yǎng)成每日定時(shí)排便的習(xí)慣,這樣能夠讓體內(nèi)的毒素順利排出。
英語中的四字忌諱詞是哪些
本文介紹的語言,在英語是屬于**穢的語言(obscene language),也可以說是臟話(dirty words)。往往是不便說出口的話,因而能說是隱語(shadowlanguage),也可以說是“成為禁忌的語言”(tabooed words)。其中,尤其不便說出口的話有fuck(**,干),因?yàn)閯偤檬撬膫€(gè)字母,所以禁忌語也可以說成four-letter word(四字經(jīng))。此外,shit(大便)是四字,cock(陰莖)也是四字,所以four-letter word有“不便開口的話”之意。所謂禁忌語并不是現(xiàn)代才有,受迷信或傳統(tǒng)支配的古代或原始民族更多,這是在某種環(huán)境或狀況下,不便說出口的話。這也不限于**穢的話,也有正相反的情形。例如在緬甸或朝鮮、大溪地等國家,國王或皇帝的名字是至高無上,不可以隨便說出口的,日本到今天還是如此,外國的報(bào)紙會(huì)不客氣地說Emperor Hirohito(裕仁天皇)或Prince Akihito(明仁皇太子),但在日本的報(bào)紙上卻不能寫出名字。并不限于未開發(fā)的國家才有禁忌語,例如英國對(duì)有關(guān)宗教的語言God(神)、devil (魔鬼)、Christ(耶穌)等-是除了認(rèn)真談話時(shí)以外,不可以隨便說出口的。如在開玩笑或輕松的談話時(shí)說:Jesus Christ(耶穌基督),一定會(huì)被認(rèn)為你是不懂禮貌的人。在罵“你是個(gè)畜生!”或“可惡的東西!”時(shí),英國人會(huì)使用有關(guān)神的話。
For Christ's sake!(為了基督?。?/p>
God damned!(神啊,受詛咒吧?。?/p>
Hell!(可惡的地獄?。?/p>
Oh,damn it!(詛咒它吧?。?/p>
這些話比我們罵“你這畜生!”更為嚴(yán)重,因?yàn)檫@不僅是“罵人”,也是對(duì)神的冒犯。就廣義而言,slang(俚語)也可以列入禁忌語,但有許多話除了高尚集會(huì)或正式場(chǎng)合以外是可以說出口的。俚語(slang)是最能生動(dòng)表現(xiàn)出時(shí)代時(shí)代心聲的語言,即便是有高深學(xué)問的人,在使用俚語能使談話更有效時(shí),往往也會(huì)使用。不過在俚語中,屬于cant或jargon的話只有在特殊的團(tuán)體-如學(xué)生之間或黑社會(huì)-之間才能理解,一般是很少使用。侮辱性地描述一個(gè)民族或國民,或階級(jí)的俚語也是禁忌。例如黑人會(huì)帶著怨恨稱白人是snake(蛇),而白人則輕蔑黑人為nigger而不是稱Negro。這些話在相同的種族間也是禁忌,更遑論向黑人或白人這樣說,無疑是不要命的行為了。此外,關(guān)于性行為與排泄的slang是tabooed。而本書就是試圖要對(duì)這兩種tabooed words做詳盡的介紹。雖然是禁忌語,但因?yàn)槟鼙磉_(dá)豐富的意思,又頗有生動(dòng)的氣氛,還是常會(huì)使用到,而且這些話“強(qiáng)有力的影響我們的思想”。美國的著名詩人渥爾特·惠特曼是這樣說的:“應(yīng)該多收集slang,不論是好的還是壞的。而壞的slang往往更美妙?!?/p>
字典英語與生活英語之差異,凡是努力學(xué)過英語的人都有一個(gè)共同的缺點(diǎn),那就是不會(huì)區(qū)別文章與口語。美國人批評(píng)我們的英語是:classroom English(教室英語)exaggerated English(夸張的英語)。而我們卻不了解他們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)這樣說。雖然英美人士告訴我們說他們?cè)谌粘I罾锊皇褂胋ig words(難字),但很難判斷究竟哪些是big words。一般而言,為表示同樣的意思本來有很短的字,但我們喜歡用較長的字,所以批評(píng)說“用太多的big words”或“夸張的英語”。That's a tough question.
這樣的一句話,我們往往會(huì)說稱That's a difficult question。一般認(rèn)為出自盎格魯撒克遜族的英語是大眾化,而以拉丁語為源流的英語是 big words,至于性行為或排泄用語也是相同的情形。我們對(duì)這方面的英語亦是如此,對(duì)“艱難學(xué)術(shù)用語”熟知能詳,而一般英美大眾使用的,或在**中出現(xiàn)的簡單形容卻不了解。例如,陰莖penis或**vagina是屬于拉丁語系的“有教養(yǎng)的英語”,有關(guān)這些字我們都知道??墒顷P(guān)于陰莖使用cock或dick 等字,在**中更常使用,而且,有不知道vagina的英美人,而不知道cunt、pussy或crack意思的英美人則無。當(dāng)然,在字典上也許能查到 penis或vagina,只是往往沒有代表這種意思的slang。一想到后者的使用更為“活生生”,并且在英美的使用度極為頻繁時(shí),不能不對(duì)我們字典編匯的方式產(chǎn)生懷疑。以下首先介紹我們字典上的“艱難高級(jí)字”。
penis(陰莖)
testicles(睪丸)
semen(精液)
erection(勃起)
ejaculation(射精)
scrotum(陰囊)
vagina(**)
urethra(尿道)
copulation(**)
cohabitation(同居)
fornication(通奸、婚外**)
urination(排尿)
defecation(排便)
英語中的四字忌諱詞是哪些
本文介紹的語言,在英語是屬于**穢的語言(obscene language),也可以說是臟話(dirty words)。往往是不便說出口的話,因而能說是隱語(shadowlanguage),也可以說是“成為禁忌的語言”(tabooed words)。其中,尤其不便說出口的話有fuck(**,干),因?yàn)閯偤檬撬膫€(gè)字母,所以禁忌語也可以說成four-letter word(四字經(jīng))。此外,shit(大便)是四字,cock(陰莖)也是四字,所以four-letter word有“不便開口的話”之意。所謂禁忌語并不是現(xiàn)代才有,受迷信或傳統(tǒng)支配的古代或原始民族更多,這是在某種環(huán)境或狀況下,不便說出口的話。這也不限于**穢的話,也有正相反的情形。例如在緬甸或朝鮮、大溪地等國家,國王或皇帝的名字是至高無上,不可以隨便說出口的,日本到今天還是如此,外國的報(bào)紙會(huì)不客氣地說Emperor Hirohito(裕仁天皇)或Prince Akihito(明仁皇太子),但在日本的報(bào)紙上卻不能寫出名字。并不限于未開發(fā)的國家才有禁忌語,例如英國對(duì)有關(guān)宗教的語言God(神)、devil (魔鬼)、Christ(耶穌)等-是除了認(rèn)真談話時(shí)以外,不可以隨便說出口的。如在開玩笑或輕松的談話時(shí)說:Jesus Christ(耶穌基督),一定會(huì)被認(rèn)為你是不懂禮貌的人。在罵“你是個(gè)畜生!”或“可惡的東西!”時(shí),英國人會(huì)使用有關(guān)神的話。
For Christ's sake!(為了基督?。?/p>
God damned!(神啊,受詛咒吧!)
Hell!(可惡的地獄?。?/p>
Oh,damn it!(詛咒它吧?。?/p>
這些話比我們罵“你這畜生!”更為嚴(yán)重,因?yàn)檫@不僅是“罵人”,也是對(duì)神的冒犯。就廣義而言,slang(俚語)也可以列入禁忌語,但有許多話除了高尚集會(huì)或正式場(chǎng)合以外是可以說出口的。俚語(slang)是最能生動(dòng)表現(xiàn)出時(shí)代時(shí)代心聲的語言,即便是有高深學(xué)問的人,在使用俚語能使談話更有效時(shí),往往也會(huì)使用。不過在俚語中,屬于cant或jargon的話只有在特殊的團(tuán)體-如學(xué)生之間或黑社會(huì)-之間才能理解,一般是很少使用。侮辱性地描述一個(gè)民族或國民,或階級(jí)的俚語也是禁忌。例如黑人會(huì)帶著怨恨稱白人是snake(蛇),而白人則輕蔑黑人為nigger而不是稱Negro。這些話在相同的種族間也是禁忌,更遑論向黑人或白人這樣說,無疑是不要命的行為了。此外,關(guān)于性行為與排泄的slang是tabooed。而本書就是試圖要對(duì)這兩種tabooed words做詳盡的介紹。雖然是禁忌語,但因?yàn)槟鼙磉_(dá)豐富的意思,又頗有生動(dòng)的氣氛,還是常會(huì)使用到,而且這些話“強(qiáng)有力的影響我們的思想”。美國的著名詩人渥爾特·惠特曼是這樣說的:“應(yīng)該多收集slang,不論是好的還是壞的。而壞的slang往往更美妙。”
字典英語與生活英語之差異,凡是努力學(xué)過英語的人都有一個(gè)共同的缺點(diǎn),那就是不會(huì)區(qū)別文章與口語。美國人批評(píng)我們的英語是:classroom English(教室英語)exaggerated English(夸張的英語)。而我們卻不了解他們?yōu)槭裁磿?huì)這樣說。雖然英美人士告訴我們說他們?cè)谌粘I罾锊皇褂胋ig words(難字),但很難判斷究竟哪些是big words。一般而言,為表示同樣的意思本來有很短的字,但我們喜歡用較長的字,所以批評(píng)說“用太多的big words”或“夸張的英語”。That's a tough question.
這樣的一句話,我們往往會(huì)說稱That's a difficult question。一般認(rèn)為出自盎格魯撒克遜族的英語是大眾化,而以拉丁語為源流的英語是 big words,至于性行為或排泄用語也是相同的情形。我們對(duì)這方面的英語亦是如此,對(duì)“艱難學(xué)術(shù)用語”熟知能詳,而一般英美大眾使用的,或在**中出現(xiàn)的簡單形容卻不了解。例如,陰莖penis或**vagina是屬于拉丁語系的“有教養(yǎng)的英語”,有關(guān)這些字我們都知道。可是關(guān)于陰莖使用cock或dick 等字,在**中更常使用,而且,有不知道vagina的英美人,而不知道cunt、pussy或crack意思的英美人則無。當(dāng)然,在字典上也許能查到 penis或vagina,只是往往沒有代表這種意思的slang。一想到后者的使用更為“活生生”,并且在英美的使用度極為頻繁時(shí),不能不對(duì)我們字典編匯的方式產(chǎn)生懷疑。以下首先介紹我們字典上的“艱難高級(jí)字”。
penis(陰莖)
testicles(睪丸)
semen(精液)
erection(勃起)
ejaculation(射精)
scrotum(陰囊)
vagina(**)
urethra(尿道)
copulation(**)
cohabitation(同居)
fornication(通奸、婚外**)
urination(排尿)
defecation(排便)
feces(排泄物)
以上這些字在英美人眼里看來,會(huì)感覺到“太長”或“聽來不順”、“矯情”等。vagina(**)等雖然是短的字,但和前面提到的cunt(**)比較,有“矯情、裝模作樣”的感覺。況且在平常的談話中,絕不會(huì)使用defecation表示“小便”,只有在醫(yī)學(xué)論文才使用得上。其中,只有penis會(huì)在**中出現(xiàn),除此之外僅用于“高級(jí)文章”。
在**中描述“**”時(shí)雖然會(huì)有
He had sex with Mary.
但絕不會(huì)說:
He copulated Mary.
在字典里雖然會(huì)出現(xiàn)有sexual intercourse“**”,但會(huì)話中不會(huì)說:
Will you have sexual intercourse with me?
率直的說法充其量是:
Will you sleep with me?(“和我上床好不好?”等程度的表達(dá))。
也從來沒有聽過小便時(shí)說urination,常聽到的是piss。大便是shit,絕不是象字典上寫的defecate或have a bowel movement。筆者在學(xué)生時(shí)代也曾拼命地背過英語辭典上的這些字,但后來發(fā)現(xiàn)完全派不上用場(chǎng)。
但是,在我國也會(huì)避免直接形容說“我想去大便”,而改說“廁所在哪里? ”或 “洗手間在哪里?”,當(dāng)然英語也會(huì)繞圈說: May I wash hands?(我可以去洗手嗎?)在這里要說明的是,在至友或男人之間說這樣的行為時(shí),不說defecate ,而說shit。同樣地面對(duì)面地談性行為時(shí),還是會(huì)繞著彎說:Let's go to bed. 一般人通常不會(huì)直接對(duì)女性說Let's have sex. 可是男人之間的談話,或有女性在場(chǎng),而且是非正式的集會(huì)中,想說“和瑪麗有了嗎?”時(shí),就說: He had sex with Mary. 而不會(huì)說成He had copulation with Mary. 這就是筆者特別要強(qiáng)調(diào)的地方?,F(xiàn)在針對(duì)“迂回的說法”再舉幾個(gè)實(shí)例說明。十九世紀(jì)后期,清教徒在美國還有勢(shì)力的時(shí)期,“腳”leg或“胸”breast都成為不可使用的字,就是連雞腳或雞胸也不可以。這樣的結(jié)果,雞的“胸脯肉”就成為“白肉”white meat,“腳肉”就被成為“黑肉”dark meat。即使是“雄鹿”buck,“公豬”boar,“雌犬”bitch,“種馬”stallion等在當(dāng)時(shí)也列為禁忌。在今天,“雄雞”cock一字正如后面會(huì)談到的仍是禁忌字,這是因?yàn)榱硗膺€有屬于禁忌的意思。而在那時(shí),僅因?yàn)槭恰靶邸被颉按啤?,就成為不可使用的?duì)象。
“公?!笔?bull,但因?yàn)槭且皞鞣N的公?!保允攀兰o(jì)的清教徒將其成為he-cow。cow是“母牛”,但大概是又成為對(duì)牛的一般總稱,所以才可以使用吧。雖然同樣是“公牛”,但ox的“粗獷”之意強(qiáng)過“性”的印象,因此將bull 特意改說成seed-ox(種公牛)。這樣說來,似乎把目的說得更清楚,但seed的字義是“ 植物種子”的語感較強(qiáng),大概因此而被認(rèn)為seed-ox比bull有清潔感吧。請(qǐng)看第三章就知道,關(guān)于“方便”也有極其繁多的婉轉(zhuǎn)說法。當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)這種毫無意義的事也列為禁忌字,但是到今天,對(duì)于女性“**”也絕不可以說"pregnant"這個(gè)字。而應(yīng)該繞著彎子說:
She is "expecting".(她在“待產(chǎn)”中。)
She is "in a delicate condition".(她正“**中”。)
She is "well-along".(她“心滿意足”。)
She is about to have a "blessed event".(她不久會(huì)有“喜事”。)
She is about to be "in a family way".(她不久就要走向“家庭之路”。)
我們也會(huì)說“她有喜了”。可見在形容微妙(delicate)的事情時(shí),不問中外都會(huì)采用拐彎抹角的說法。另外,雖然同是“**”,但未婚的女性在不希望的情形下**時(shí),就說:
She is "in trouble".(她“有了麻煩”。)
當(dāng)然,in trouble也是和一般的苦惱通用,但對(duì)年輕的女性說in trouble,就要當(dāng)作“**”解釋了。當(dāng)走在遼闊的山野時(shí),如果女性說:
I want to pick flowers.(我想去摘花。)實(shí)際上就是想去“方便”的意思。如果說illegitimate child(私生子)時(shí)就顯得太嚴(yán)肅,但使用俚語bastard又顯得太露骨,于是說成:
He was born "out of wedlock".(他是在“婚外”生的。)
很自然地,“婚生”就成為born in wedlock,這也是??煽吹降挠梅ā?/p>
“去勢(shì)”是castrate,但也因?yàn)檫^分露骨,因此對(duì)公狗的去勢(shì)說:
alter a male dog(改變公狗)或:
fix a male dog(處理公狗)
在報(bào)上隨便說的話也會(huì)有極大的影響力,所以盡量避免使用直接的形容,這種情形在英語也一樣,正如我們避免用“死”字,英美人也很少說
He died,他們會(huì)說:
He went to his rewards.(他去領(lǐng)獎(jiǎng)了。)
He fell asleep.(他躺下長眠了。)
He passed away.(他離去了。)
He breathed his last.(他咽下了最后一口氣。)
如是軍人就絕不會(huì)說:
He was killed.(他被殺了。)
kill是禁忌字。他們會(huì)說:
He fell in battle.(他為國捐軀。)
關(guān)于“溺死”也避免使用drown,而形容說:
The sailor was "lost at set".(海軍士兵“沉沒在海里”。)
由以上的情形可知,對(duì)有關(guān)性行為采取更為迂回的說法,可以說是理所當(dāng)然的了。
“強(qiáng)奸”是rape,但在報(bào)上的報(bào)導(dǎo)絕不會(huì)說“女性遭強(qiáng)奸”(She was raped.),
最婉轉(zhuǎn)的說法是:
She was "betrayed".(她“被騙失身”了。)
以為這個(gè)人絕不會(huì)做出那種事,放心地和他在一起走時(shí),突然他騙了她。也有如我們報(bào)上說的“遭侮辱”的形容法,英文是:
She was "attacked".
使用(痛苦、苦惱)molest一字時(shí),人們也能聯(lián)想。
She was molested.
有些人開始認(rèn)為即使是繞著彎說,大家也能了解真正的意思,所以沒有價(jià)值了。
這種看法逐漸強(qiáng)烈,到了二十世紀(jì)后期的今天,在**或成人雜志便開始大量使用大膽的形容。
She is the victim of "felonious assault".
所謂felonious是法律用語“重罪(的)”的意思,能判“重罪的”,也許除了強(qiáng)奸以外還有其它的行為,但說“她成為可判強(qiáng)暴重罪的犧牲者”,其代表的意思自然只有一個(gè)了。另外還有“兇惡的”意思,大概可以譯成felonious crime(兇犯罪惡)。(如果對(duì)你有幫助,請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)置“好評(píng)”,謝謝!)