?anarchy
anarchy發(fā)音
英:[??n?ki:] 美:[??n?ki]
英: 美:
anarchy中文意思翻譯
n. 無(wú)政府狀態(tài), 混亂
anarchy詞形變化
名詞復(fù)數(shù): anarchies |
anarchy常見(jiàn)例句
1 、Anarchy does not accord with the interests or wishes of the people.───無(wú)政府狀態(tài)不符合人民的利益和愿望。
2 、Anarchy reigned for many years.───無(wú)政府狀態(tài)持續(xù)了許多年。
3 、Alexander Wendt: "Anarchy Is What States Make of It," International Organization 2 (1982), p.───義".這一分支強(qiáng)調(diào)了語(yǔ)言,話語(yǔ)和文本在國(guó)際關(guān)系中的普遍存在性,以及
4 、They were arrested at the protest on the grounds of anarchy.─── 他們?cè)?中被逮捕 因?yàn)槟抢锸菬o(wú)政府狀態(tài)
5 、Because you and your troublesome horde are behind this anarchy.─── 因?yàn)槟愫湍愕穆闊┚?是這場(chǎng)混亂的始作俑者
6 、We still do; living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.───如今,不宣而戰(zhàn)的侵略、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、虛偽、詐騙、無(wú)政府狀態(tài)以及即將臨頭的毀滅成了我們?nèi)粘I畹囊徊糠郑覀兌枷M幸粋€(gè)賴以生存的行為準(zhǔn)則。
7 、We still do ; living in a world in which underclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.───我們?nèi)匀挥羞@種感覺(jué);生活在一個(gè)不宣而戰(zhàn)的侵略、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、虛偽、詐騙、混亂以及迫在眉睫的殺戮充斥著我們?nèi)粘I畹氖澜缋?,我們都想有一種能賴以生存的準(zhǔn)則。
8 、But this freedom is freedom with leadership and this democracy is democracy under centralized guidance, not anarchy.───但是這個(gè)自由是有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的自由,這個(gè)民主是集中指導(dǎo)下的民主,不是無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
9 、It is said that the country is in anarchy.───據(jù)說(shuō)那個(gè)國(guó)家處于無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
10 、Culture and Anarchy is Arnold's representative works.───《文化與無(wú)政府狀態(tài)》是阿諾德文化理論的代表作。
11 、to keep it from collapsing into anarchy.─── 不至于崩潰 變成一片混亂
12 、Instead of riding on the waves in the old hopelessly heroic straight-line style, people were now actively traveling all over the wave surface in agile anarchy.───人們不再穿著死氣沉沉的直線型款式?jīng)_浪,取而代之的是在海浪表面披浪斬浪,盡情馳騁。
13 、Does H.P. Need a Dose of Anarchy?───惠普是否需要一場(chǎng)變革?
14 、Throughout the country there are quite a number of people who thrive on anarchy, and Po I-po is one such person.───全國(guó)有很多人,是靠無(wú)政府狀態(tài)吃飯。 薄一波就是這樣的人。
15 、The happy balance( for the warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state of anarchy after the Internet.───前互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代的快樂(lè)平衡的生活(少對(duì)于版權(quán)斗士而言是快樂(lè)的)打破,然后剩下的只是一團(tuán)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來(lái)的混亂。
16 、A failed state, where clans and warlords have torn the territory to shreds, is after 15 years of anarchy at last offered the chance of order, unity and stable rule.───一個(gè)各路部族與軍閥紛紛割據(jù)一方、國(guó)之不國(guó)的國(guó)家,經(jīng)過(guò)15年的政治混亂后,終于有了實(shí)現(xiàn)有序、統(tǒng)一和穩(wěn)定統(tǒng)治的機(jī)會(huì)。
17 、We still do: living in anarchy.───我們現(xiàn)在仍然有這種感覺(jué):生活在混亂中。
18 、Anarchy and complex interdependence are the core concepts of neoliberalism and neorealism, which are the basis of the theory.───無(wú)政府狀態(tài)與復(fù)合相互依賴分別是新自由主義和新現(xiàn)實(shí)主義構(gòu)建其理論的核心概念。
19 、We still do;living in a world in which undeclared aggression, war, hypocrisy, chicanery, anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives, we all want a code to live by.───如果他認(rèn)為在進(jìn)行過(guò)程中有必要**擊一個(gè)司法官或搶劫一個(gè)銀行,他的早期觀眾很容易接受,覺(jué)得應(yīng)該原諒他,特別是當(dāng)哈特最后戰(zhàn)勝了前來(lái)進(jìn)攻的印第安人時(shí),觀眾更能原諒他。
20 、Germany in the aftermath of World War I was gripped by anarchy and political violence.───一次大戰(zhàn)后,德國(guó)處于無(wú)政府狀態(tài),政治斗爭(zhēng)十分尖銳。
21 、The constitutional guarantee of liberty implies the existence of an organized society maintaining public order, without which liberty itself would be lost in the excesses of anarchy.───憲法上所保障這自由權(quán)即隱攝著一個(gè)維持公共秩序的確有組織的社會(huì)之存在,如果沒(méi)有它的存在,自由本身即會(huì)在過(guò)激的無(wú)政治狀態(tài)中喪失。
22 、If prices rise the country could slide into anarchy.───如果物價(jià)上漲,國(guó)家將有可能陷入混亂狀態(tài)。
23 、Anyone who says you can have a lot of widely dispersed people hack away on a complicated piece of code and avoid total anarchy has never managed a software project.───任何宣稱(chēng)能夠避免在很多人修改一塊復(fù)雜的代碼的所產(chǎn)生的混亂,那么他肯定沒(méi)有管理過(guò)一個(gè)軟件項(xiàng)目。
24 、That could throw this entire region into anarchy.─── 那樣會(huì)讓這整片地區(qū)陷入混亂
25 、The rule of a minority, as a permanent arrangement, is wholly inadmissible;so that, rejecting the majority principle, anarchy or despotism in some form is all that is left...───少數(shù)人的統(tǒng)治,作為一項(xiàng)永久性的安排,是完全不能接受的。
26 、In a word, we must uphold Party leadership and the socialist system. They must be improved, but that doesn't mean we can have bourgeois liberalization or anarchy.───黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和社會(huì)主義制度都需要改善,但是不能搞資產(chǎn)階級(jí)自由化,搞無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
27 、Anarchy reigned following the death of the king.───國(guó)王死後出現(xiàn)了無(wú)政府混亂狀態(tài)。
28 、Anarchy and looting enveloped Mosul yesterday.───摩蘇爾昨日進(jìn)入無(wú)政府狀態(tài),市民四處搶掠。
29 、Anarchy In the absence of their teacher the class was in a state of anarchy.───教師不在,班上一片混亂。銀鈴般的笑聲。
30 、But when the army is restless and distrustful,trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes.This is simply Bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.───三軍既惑且疑,則諸侯之難至矣,是謂亂軍引勝。
31 、International anarchy is not a priori given.It is subject to change and has diverse forms, moving increasingly toward relative order.───國(guó)際無(wú)政府狀態(tài)不是先驗(yàn)給定的,它具有可變性與多樣性,并日漸走向相對(duì)有序。
32 、Technological anarchy is the result.───技術(shù)無(wú)政府狀態(tài)已是現(xiàn)實(shí)。
33 、In the days of anarchy, it was freedom to.─── 在無(wú)政府的日子里 你們是在追求自由
34 、Many of them praise the relief efforts at huge shelters set up by federal and state officials, but they express dismay over the continuing anarchy in the city they left behind.───很多人贊揚(yáng)聯(lián)邦政府和州政府官員在大型庇護(hù)所中做出的救援努力,不過(guò)他們對(duì)新奧爾良的無(wú)政府狀況表示震驚。
35 、Anarchy spread in the streets.───政府混亂在街道蔓延開(kāi)來(lái)。
36 、Great People type no longer changes during anarchy───無(wú)政府狀態(tài)期間偉人類(lèi)型不會(huì)發(fā)生變化
37 、You didn't want to politicize the group; you wanted more anarchy.─── 你不希望組織*化 你更想要無(wú)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)狀態(tài)
38 、For religious liberty is not the negative right of being without any particular religion, just as self-government is not anarchy.───宗教自由并不意味著可以有不信任何宗教的無(wú)有權(quán),正如自治不意味著無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
39 、The arrangements to prevent anarchy had therefore to be considered.───因此,必須考慮采取防止無(wú)政府狀態(tài)的措施。
40 、A Faintly Visible Utopia--The End of the International Anarchy?───依稀可見(jiàn)的烏托邦--國(guó)際無(wú)政府狀態(tài)的終結(jié)?
41 、Therefore, it can be said that Somali pirates are from the source of poverty, warlordism and anarchy (in any case has exposed the tail).───所以,可以說(shuō)索馬里海盜的根源是來(lái)自貧困、軍閥割據(jù)、無(wú)政府的狀態(tài)(反正尾巴已經(jīng)露出來(lái)了)。
42 、The movie "Love and anarchy" depicts the lives of the ladies of the evening in a house of ill repute.───《愛(ài)情與**》這部影片描寫(xiě)了一家妓院的妓女生活。
43 、But nobody disputes the fact that demoralisation and degradation of the police force are now threatening not just anarchy but even, in some regions, civil conflict.───但是,沒(méi)有人能否認(rèn)這個(gè)事實(shí),警察的道德敗壞和墮落帶來(lái)的威脅不僅僅是混亂,在一些地區(qū)甚至引起國(guó)內(nèi)沖突。
44 、Anarchy is the fundamental characteristic of the international political configuration.───國(guó)際無(wú)政府狀態(tài)是國(guó)際政治結(jié)構(gòu)的基本特征。
45 、The country by the summer of 1914 was approaching a condition of anarchy as a result of recent revolutions.───1914年夏,這個(gè)國(guó)家由于最近幾次革命正陷入一種無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
46 、In the controlled anarchy of the show, it was hardly noticed.───在受控的混亂表演中,幾乎沒(méi)人會(huì)注意到它。
47 、The overthrow of the military regime was followed by a period of anarchy.───軍事統(tǒng)治政權(quán)被推翻以后,接著是一段時(shí)期的無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
48 、"We are fast verging toward anarchy and confusion," wrote an alarmed George Washington, who came out of retirement to help create the Constitution and become president.───喬治?華盛頓警告說(shuō),“我們正快速走向無(wú)政府狀態(tài)和混亂?!北緛?lái)已經(jīng)退休的華盛頓出山幫助制定憲法并成為總統(tǒng)。
49 、Mr. Tedesco: The wolf of anarchy is at our door and you're feeding him kibble. There are 15 names on the roster and 14 cards. Brower, Luke is cardless.───弗朗西斯:惡狼在外面盤(pán)旋,你還要掉以輕心!名單上有15個(gè)名字,可卡片只有14張。路克布勞爾的卡沒(méi)有了。
50 、Tirana is in total anarchy.───地拉那完全陷入無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
51 、Living in a world in which war,hypocrisy,chicanery,anarchy and impending immolation are part of our daily lives.───戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),虛偽,詐騙,混亂以及迫在眉睫的殺戮充斥了我們?nèi)粘I畹氖澜缋铩?/p>
52 、In an international system that has anarchy as a core,cooperation among states based on common interests has always been confronted with a great many obstacles due to state opportunism.───在國(guó)際無(wú)政府狀態(tài)下,以共同利益為基礎(chǔ)的國(guó)際合作經(jīng)常面臨著國(guó)家機(jī)會(huì)主義行為的嚴(yán)重威脅。
53 、They see a world of moral anarchy depicted by the emotivists, a world where people do whatever they want and where everyone is right in doing so.───在他們看來(lái),情緒論所描繪的是一個(gè)道德規(guī)范混亂的世界,一個(gè)任人為所欲為、任人自立行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的世界。
54 、The world community is an anarchic society. Under anarchy, states can do any thing they are physically capable of doing.───國(guó)際社會(huì)是一個(gè)無(wú)政府社會(huì),在無(wú)政府狀態(tài)下,國(guó)家理論上能夠做其物質(zhì)條件允許它們做的任何事情。
55 、I've been swimming in a sea of anarchy───我已經(jīng)在海上茫然游了這么久
56 、But when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flinging victory away.───三軍既惑且疑,則諸侯之難至矣。是謂亂軍引勝。
57 、The primitive anarchy which precedes law is worse than law.───在沒(méi)有法律以前,原始的無(wú)政府狀態(tài)比法律更壞。
58 、They also believed that God had ordained structures of authority that must be honored, lest chaos and anarchy break out.───他們也相信神設(shè)立了權(quán)威的架構(gòu)是我們所必須遵守的,否則將會(huì)發(fā)生混亂和獨(dú)裁。
59 、Politics is a pendulum whose swings between anarchy and tyranny are fueled by perennially rejuvenated illusions.───政治如同在無(wú)政府和專(zhuān)制統(tǒng)治之間擺蕩的鐘擺,其力量來(lái)自于不斷更新的幻影。
60 、the country's swift descent into anarchy───國(guó)家迅速陷入無(wú)政府狀態(tài)
61 、If that contract breaks down then all social contracts break down and we descend into anarchy.───如果那個(gè)契約被打破了,整個(gè)社會(huì)的契約就坍塌了,而我們就墮落到無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
62 、Do we know where to strike the balance between authority and freedom, between liberty and anarchy in feudal, religious societies?───我們懂得在封建宗教社會(huì)里如何使權(quán)威和自由、自由和無(wú)政府狀態(tài)保持均衡嗎?
63 、Anarchy Online (AO) is a science fiction themed massive multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG).───無(wú)政府狀態(tài)在線(敖)是一個(gè)科幻主題的大規(guī)模多人線上角色扮演游戲( mmorpg ) 。
64 、"Any system that cedes those rights will lead to anarchy.───一個(gè)不允許所有國(guó)家實(shí)施上述主權(quán)的體系必將導(dǎo)致國(guó)際局勢(shì)的混亂。
65 、But anarchy is not the answer, charles.─── 但無(wú)法無(wú)天是肯定不行的 查爾斯
66 、Any system that cedes those rights will lead to anarchy.───任何割讓那些權(quán)利的體制都將導(dǎo)致政治混亂。
67 、If not for her, anarchy would rule in my house.─── 如果不是她 我家將會(huì)一片混亂
68 、The very anarchy of the worldwide net development is evidence of its potential.───世界范圍的網(wǎng)絡(luò)開(kāi)發(fā)之混亂無(wú)序就是它的潛力的證據(jù)。
69 、Today, one can’t help sensing that what began as a positive spirit of anarchy has descended into a vapid, untrammelled ‘a(chǎn)nything-goes’.───今天,人們?nèi)滩蛔∠氲剿囆g(shù)家們那種無(wú)政府狀態(tài)似的積極精神已經(jīng)變得索然無(wú)味并且“自由無(wú)稽”。
70 、Anarchy Decor create a lot of anarchy.───它能制造十分混亂的狀態(tài)。
71 、Today, it seems accustomed to throw rubbish casually、evade taxes、send out the prohibited noise, and be in anarchy when driving.───如今,人們隨手亂扔垃圾、逃稅漏稅、發(fā)出違禁噪聲,以及開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的無(wú)政府狀態(tài),可謂是司空見(jiàn)慣。
72 、Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world───世界只剩下無(wú)序和混亂
73 、Without the fear of banishments, we'll have anarchy.─── 沒(méi)有對(duì)流放的恐懼 我們的秩序會(huì)大亂的
74 、The happy balance (for the warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state of anarchy after the Internet.───前互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代的快樂(lè)平衡的生活(至少對(duì)于版權(quán)斗士而言是快樂(lè)的)被打破,然后剩下的只是一團(tuán)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來(lái)的混亂。
75 、"Music Wants to be Free": MP3, P2P - Anarchy or Activism?───10“免費(fèi)音樂(lè)”:MP3,下載軟件-是混亂還是行動(dòng)主義?
76 、As far as procreation is concerned, the human race has been in a state of total anarchy and has failed to exercise control.───人類(lèi)在生育上頭完全是無(wú)政府狀態(tài),自己不能控制自己。
77 、Its isolation during the Age of Strife brought anarchy.───在紛爭(zhēng)年代帶來(lái)的混亂中它被隔絕了。
78 、A democracy of autonomous, evolving machines will be similarly feared as Anarchy Plus.───人們同樣會(huì)擔(dān)心自治的、進(jìn)化的機(jī)器民主制會(huì)附帶產(chǎn)生無(wú)政府狀態(tài)。
79 、They wanted no part of such anarchy and sought an orderly, peaceful society in keeping with the Constitution, which was itself deeply permeated with Christian principles, as we have seen.───他們不想要這種無(wú)政府狀態(tài),而尋求一種有秩序的、和平的社會(huì)可以維持憲法,憲法本身則深受基督教原則的影響,如同我們已經(jīng)看過(guò)的。
80 、You call a life of complete freedom “spiritual anarchy.───你把一種完全自由的生活稱(chēng)作“精神王國(guó)”。
81 、I can refute everything in this world surrounding me that offends or enraptures me, except this chaos, this sovereign chance and this divine equivalence which springs from anarchy.───我能夠駁斥周?chē)澜缱屛疑鷼?、讓我狂喜的一切,但是未?duì)不能對(duì)抗這種混沌迷離、不期而遇的國(guó)外和源自混亂無(wú)序的神圣平衡。
82 、In the absence of their teacher the class was in a state of anarchy.───教師不在,班上一片混亂。
83 、Pirate Curfew: Increase order at the cost of some fear and anarchy.───宵禁令:能提升order(秩序)等級(jí)但是造成Fear(恐懼)和Anarchy(混亂)等級(jí)的下降。
84 、Slowly, some begin to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy.───一些人漸漸開(kāi)始明白,這種自由并不意味著混亂。
85 、The article analyzes three different policy tropisms under anarchy in the view of constructionism.───摘要從建構(gòu)主義的角度分析無(wú)政府狀態(tài)下一國(guó)外交政策應(yīng)有三種不同取向。
86 、There was complete anarchy in society at that time.───當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)暗無(wú)天日。
87 、The military threatens to crush reformist anarchy.───軍隊(duì)威脅要進(jìn)行改革,推翻政權(quán)。
88 、Introduce a little anarchy, upset the established order, and everything becomes chaos, I'm an agent of chaos, and you know the thing about chaos? It's fair.───制造點(diǎn)少許騷動(dòng),打亂原有的秩序,然后一切就變得混亂了,而我就是混亂的代表,你知道混亂的好處嗎?它能帶來(lái)公平。
89 、It's anarchy, a complete breakdown of the system.─── 無(wú)政府狀態(tài) 系統(tǒng)完全崩潰
90 、Buchanan, James M., The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy And Leviathan, Chicago and London: The University Of Chicago Press, 1975.───奧爾森,曼瑟爾.集體行動(dòng)的邏輯.陳郁、郭宇峰、李崇新譯,上海:上海三聯(lián)書(shū)店,上海人民出版社,1995年。
吊帶襪天使在哪里
《吊帶襪天使》是日本的電視動(dòng)畫(huà)。
《吊帶襪天使》是GAINAX制作、今石洋之執(zhí)導(dǎo)、錦織敦史擔(dān)任角色設(shè)定的原創(chuàng)電視動(dòng)畫(huà),在風(fēng)格上仿制美式動(dòng)畫(huà),但秉承了日本動(dòng)畫(huà)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)娜梭w解剖和結(jié)構(gòu)比例,色彩濃郁具有時(shí)尚氣息。講述在天堂和地獄的裂縫之間有一座城市—墮天城,在那里人們一直飽受惡靈的襲擊。
腐蝕人心的黑暗,仍在悄悄地侵蝕這個(gè)城市,有人正試圖以超自然力,消滅這些由欲望產(chǎn)生的惡靈,擔(dān)負(fù)了這驅(qū)逐黑暗的使命。因行為不檢而被踢出天堂的天使姐妹—Panty與Stocking,必須在Garterbelt的指示下殲滅惡靈,并得到代表功績(jī)的天堂金幣作為回報(bào),達(dá)成目標(biāo)即可回到天堂。然而天使姐妹在墮天使城的日常生活,顯然有相當(dāng)程度的病態(tài)興趣。
角色簡(jiǎn)介
潘迪,全名Anarchy Panty。為了狩獵惡靈而下凡到墮天城的天使,連褲襪姐妹的姐姐。不過(guò)相對(duì)惡靈,更熱衷于狩獵男性并樂(lè)此不疲。對(duì)這個(gè)所謂的天使來(lái)說(shuō),男人和SEX比什么都要好,達(dá)成千人斬,人稱(chēng)**天使。喜歡辣味的食物,否則就想犯困。但心底還是很關(guān)心自己的妹妹Stocking,在有些情況下貌似有點(diǎn)天然呆。
史朵巾,全名Anarchy Stocking。連褲襪姐妹的妹妹,與姐姐PANTY一同狩獵惡靈的天使。初看是相當(dāng)可愛(ài)的哥特風(fēng)蘿莉,其實(shí)嘴非常毒。隨著影片進(jìn)展逐步喚醒體內(nèi)和Garter belt類(lèi)似的SM屬性。有微量的傲嬌屬性。甜點(diǎn)狂熱者,還開(kāi)了個(gè)甜點(diǎn)博客。使用的天界兵器是脫下來(lái)的長(zhǎng)筒襪變成的劍,狩獵惡靈的戰(zhàn)斗中,與PANTY搭檔成最強(qiáng)組合。
以上內(nèi)容參考:百度百科—《吊帶襪天使》
AI翻譯斯坦福哲學(xué)百科:無(wú)政府主義(Anarchism)
無(wú)政府主義:探索自由、共識(shí)與權(quán)力的挑戰(zhàn)
無(wú)政府主義,作為一種深刻的哲學(xué)和政治理念,質(zhì)疑傳統(tǒng)的權(quán)威結(jié)構(gòu),強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人自由和基于共識(shí)而非強(qiáng)制的決策過(guò)程。它涵蓋了一個(gè)多元化的領(lǐng)域,包括政治、宗教、理論和實(shí)踐,其形式各異,從絕對(duì)無(wú)政府主義的純粹自由,到義務(wù)論和權(quán)變的靈活應(yīng)用。無(wú)政府主義者的目標(biāo)是建立一個(gè)沒(méi)有國(guó)家權(quán)力、權(quán)威中心的社會(huì),主張通過(guò)自愿合作而非強(qiáng)制手段實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)秩序。
在歷史上,無(wú)政府主義的分支繁多,如政治無(wú)政府主義挑戰(zhàn)國(guó)家權(quán)力,宗教無(wú)政府主義則質(zhì)疑宗教權(quán)威,如基督教無(wú)政府主義主張上帝的王國(guó)超越人類(lèi)社會(huì)秩序。托爾斯泰和別爾嘉耶夫等人的觀點(diǎn),體現(xiàn)在基督徒對(duì)政治權(quán)威的不服從,有的追求和平主義,有的則倡導(dǎo)分離主義社區(qū)實(shí)踐。
理論層面,無(wú)政府主義在實(shí)用主義、科學(xué)哲學(xué)(如費(fèi)耶阿本德)和后現(xiàn)代哲學(xué)中得到體現(xiàn),它批判傳統(tǒng)方法和權(quán)威,倡導(dǎo)去中心化和思想自由流動(dòng)。后無(wú)政府主義更加強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體的自由選擇和社區(qū)內(nèi)權(quán)力的分散,對(duì)國(guó)家、道德權(quán)威和本質(zhì)主義提出深刻質(zhì)疑。
應(yīng)用上,無(wú)政府主義不僅批判社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)中的不平等,如性別、種族等級(jí)和人與自然的關(guān)系,還推動(dòng)了女權(quán)主義、綠色、黑人和土著無(wú)政府主義的發(fā)展。這些理論反對(duì)統(tǒng)治、壓迫和白人至上,提倡直接民主、平等與和平,并通過(guò)非主流實(shí)踐挑戰(zhàn)社會(huì)秩序的基石。
黑人和土著無(wú)政府主義者深入歷史分析,揭示種族滅絕和殖民主義的根源,主張終結(jié)種族隔離和結(jié)構(gòu)性種族主義。例如,美國(guó)黑人無(wú)政府主義在歷史上受到法律限制,而土著人民則在解放運(yùn)動(dòng)中爭(zhēng)取自決權(quán)。無(wú)政府主義者的實(shí)踐者,如Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin和Lucy Parsons,他們的行動(dòng)和理論都體現(xiàn)了對(duì)不公正的反抗和對(duì)無(wú)政府狀態(tài)的追求。
無(wú)政府主義的政治哲學(xué)質(zhì)疑國(guó)家的合法性,如霍布斯的理論,而諾齊克和羅斯巴德的觀點(diǎn)則強(qiáng)調(diào)國(guó)家的局限和壓迫歷史。批判者認(rèn)為,國(guó)家權(quán)力可能導(dǎo)致不幸和不平等,如約瑟夫·羅爾斯的契約理論雖有啟發(fā),但無(wú)政府主義者質(zhì)疑其在實(shí)踐中是否公正。Crispin Sartwell指出了無(wú)政府狀態(tài)的選擇性爭(zhēng)議,以及無(wú)政府主義者對(duì)社會(huì)契約傳統(tǒng)的挑戰(zhàn)。
無(wú)政府主義在實(shí)踐中呈現(xiàn)出功利主義和義務(wù)論的對(duì)立,前者追求最大利益可能犧牲個(gè)人權(quán)利,后者則強(qiáng)調(diào)基本權(quán)利不可侵犯。戈德溫和喬姆斯基雖認(rèn)為在某些情況下可能需要有限度的政府,但他們的目標(biāo)是超越國(guó)家的束縛。自由意志主義與社會(huì)主義無(wú)政府主義雖有分歧,但都主張平等,只是側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同:前者強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人自主,后者更側(cè)重共享經(jīng)濟(jì)和權(quán)力分散。
在社區(qū)層面,個(gè)人主義與社群主義的沖突圍繞著個(gè)人自由與群體責(zé)任。無(wú)政府主義者質(zhì)疑政治參與的傳統(tǒng)框架,倡導(dǎo)直接行動(dòng),如甘地的非暴力抵抗,但暴力與和平主義的討論引發(fā)對(duì)行動(dòng)手段與目的的深刻反思。
盡管無(wú)政府主義面臨反對(duì)者的指責(zé),認(rèn)為它可能導(dǎo)致混亂,但其倡導(dǎo)者如戈德曼和馬拉泰斯塔強(qiáng)調(diào),不平等是暴力的根源,而無(wú)政府主義是基于平等和自由的和平理論。他們質(zhì)疑國(guó)家暴力和法律與犯罪的關(guān)系,尋求基于自愿和協(xié)商的權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)。
無(wú)政府主義的實(shí)踐盡管面臨困難,但它激發(fā)了對(duì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的批判性思考。從門(mén)諾派和貴格會(huì)的獨(dú)立社區(qū)嘗試,到貝伊和格雷伯提出的“臨時(shí)自治區(qū)”構(gòu)想,都反映出無(wú)政府主義者對(duì)于建立更公正、自由社會(huì)的不懈追求。
盡管無(wú)政府主義理論在歷史上常被視為烏托邦,但它在哲學(xué)上的價(jià)值在于挑戰(zhàn)既定觀念,促進(jìn)深思熟慮的行動(dòng)。通過(guò)研究如威廉·戈德溫和彼得·克魯泡特金的作品,我們可以更深入地理解無(wú)政府主義的復(fù)雜性和多樣性。
參考資料如下:
Wolff, R.P., 1970, "Anarchy, Justice, and Liberty". Harper and Row.
Zerzan, J., 2008, "Becoming Animal: An Archaeology of Our Prehistory". Wild Abode Press.
Fløistad, K., 2018, "Philosophy of Justice: A Conceptual Approach", Springer, pp. 157-176.
Ostrogorski, M., 2016, "Democracy and the Rule of the Many". Transaction Publishers.
...
深入探討無(wú)政府主義的理論與實(shí)踐,需要全面理解其歷史、哲學(xué)和實(shí)踐層面的復(fù)雜性,這將有助于我們反思現(xiàn)有的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)和追求更為自由、公正的未來(lái)。